We address this research gap by presenting empirical evidence from a Delphi study. Previous SCRES research has primarily focused on near-term responses to large-scale disruptions, neglecting long-term resilience approaches. The implications of hedged manufacturing are linked to the modern portfolio theory.ĬOVID-19 has revealed global supply chains’ vulnerability and sparked debate about increasing supply chain resilience (SCRES). ![]() The discussion conceptualises a portfolio model to determine whether to source demands via TM, AM, or by hedging. A mix of TM supply sources with AM (‘hedging’) can minimise the overall supply risks. The findings were further explored using discriminant analysis. This study assesses supply risk using a Delphi study from July to October 2020. To that end, this research examines how supply risks change when sourced via an AM supply source rather than through supply sources that use traditional manufacturing (TM). For example, it was possible to source medical spare parts and protective equipment via AM, even when the globally arranged traditional (formative or subtractive manufacturing) supply sources failed. Additive manufacturing (AM) is an emerging technology that serves as a local supply source and can mitigate some of these bottlenecks. Procurement has faced major challenges due to the collapse of global supply chains in the course of the SARS-COV2 pandemic, and non-critical items have become critical bottlenecks. The resulting fine-grained microstructure led to a tensile strength of 329 ± 4 MPa and a total elongation at a break of 11.4 ± 0.9% after solution heat treatment, quenching in water, and subsequent artificial ageing. Unmolten Ti and Zr particles with sizes up to 80 µm were found in the α-Al phase. Al3(Zr,Ti) particles were observed, acting as efficient heterogeneous grain refiners for α-Al by building a semi-coherent interface. Moreover, a fully equiaxed microstructure with a mean size of the α-Al grains of 1.2 µm was observed in the as-built parts. No hot cracks were found in the ♜T scans. In this paper, crack-free LPBF samples with a relative density >99.9% were processed from AlMgSi1Zr (6182 series alloy) powder, to which 0.5 wt.-% Zr and 0.5 wt.-% Ti were added via mechanical mixing. However, to date, the crack susceptibility of conventional alloys as well as the high prices for specially developed alloys are the main obstacles for the use of high-strength aluminum alloys for LPBF. ![]() The demand for high-strength aluminum alloys for the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process is still growing. ![]() We consider uncertainty scenarios based on plausible and actual pandemic trajectories seen around the world during the COVID-19 pandemic including single-wave, two-wave, and exponential growth. Numerical experiments are conducted to analyze the efficacy of emergency inventory and increased inventory levels as risk mitigation strategies. constraint method is used to generate sets of Pareto-optimal solutions and analyze the trade-off between these two competing objectives. The first objective is to minimize a risk measure of the stochastic total cost, either its Expected Value (EV) or its Value-at-Risk (VaR), and the second objective is to minimize the maximum shortage of any product in any time period. The deterministic formulation is extended to consider both two-stage and multi-stage uncertainty in the supply, price, and demand of PPE using stochastic programming (SP) and chance-constrained programming (CCP). A multi-period multi-objective mixed-integer programming model is presented for PPE supply planning under disruption risk. ![]() This paper discusses supply chain resilience in the context of a Canadian provincial healthcare provider during the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has struck health service providers around the world with dire shortages, inflated prices, and volatile demand of personal protective equipment (PPE).
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